American Academy of Neurology
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society
Recommended Reading List
Basics of EEG interpretation
1. Hrachovy RA, Frost JD. The EEG in selected generalized seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(4):312-332. doi:10.1097/01.wnp.0000228496.66246.e0
2. Blume WT. Drug effects on EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(4):306-311. doi:10.1097/01.wnp.0000229137.94384.fa
3. Mendez OE, Brenner RP. Increasing the yield of EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(4):282-293. doi:10.1097/01.wnp.0000228514.40227.12
4. Verma A, Radtke R. EEG of partial seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(4):333-339. doi:10.1097/01.wnp.0000228497.89734.7a
5. Tatum WO, Husain AM, Benbadis SR, Kaplan PW. Normal adult EEG and patterns of uncertain significance. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(3):194-207. doi:10.1097/01.wnp.0000220110.92126.a6
6. Benbadis S. The EEG in Nonepileptic seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(4):340-352.
7. Kane N, Acharya J, Benickzy S, et al. A revised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers and updated proposal for the report format of the EEG findings. Revision 2017. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2017;2:170-185. doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2017.07.002
8. Acharya JN, Acharya VJ. Overview of EEG Montages and Principles of Localization. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(5):325-329. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000538
9. Kutluay E, Kalamangalam GP. Montages for Noninvasive EEG Recording. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(5):330-336. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000546
10. Asadi-Pooya AA, Sperling MR. Normal Awake, Drowsy, and Sleep EEG Patterns That Might Be Overinterpreted as Abnormal. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(4):250-256. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000585
11. Kang JY, Krauss GL. Normal Variants Are Commonly Overread as Interictal Epileptiform Abnormalities. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(4):257-263. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000613
12. Mathias S V., Bensalem-Owen M. Artifacts That Can Be Misinterpreted as Interictal Discharges. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(4):264-274. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000605
13. McKay JH, Tatum WO. Artifact Mimicking Ictal Epileptiform Activity in EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(4):275-288. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000597
14. Tsuchida TN, Acharya JN, Halford JJ, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline Introduction. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33:301-302. doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000322
15. Sinha SR, Sullivan L, Sabau D, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 1. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33(4):303-307. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000308
16. Acharya JN, Hani AJ, Cheek J, Thirumala P, Tsuchida TN. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 2: Guidelines for Standard Electrode Position Nomenclature. Neurodiagn J. 2016;56(4):245-252. doi:10.1080/21646821.2016.1245558
17. Acharya JN, Hani AJ, Thirumala PD, Tsuchida TN. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 3. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33:312-316. doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000322
18. Halford JJ, Sabau D, Drislane FW, Tsuchida TN, Sinha SR. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 4: Recording Clinical EEG on Digital Media. Neurodiagn J. 2016;56(4):261-265. doi:10.1080/21646821.2016.1245563
19. Kuratani J, Pearl PL, Sullivan LR, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 5: Minimum Technical Standards for Pediatric Electroencephalography. Neurodiagn J. 2016;56(4):266-275. doi:10.1080/21646821.2016.1245568
20. Stecker MM, Sabau D, Sullivan LR, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 6: Minimum Technical Standards for EEG Recording in Suspected Cerebral Death. Neurodiagn J. 2016;56(4):276-284. doi:10.1080/21646821.2016.1245575
21. Tatum WO, Selioutski O, Ochoa JG, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 7: Guidelines for EEG Reporting. Neurodiagn J. 2016;56(4):285-293. doi:10.1080/21646821.2016.1245576
22. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017:1-10. doi:10.1111/epi.13709
23. Fisher RS, Cross JH, D’Souza C, et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia. 2017:1-12. doi:10.1111/epi.13671
24. Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I: indications. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32(2):87-95. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000166
25. Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, et al. Consensus Statement on Continuous EEG in Critically Ill Adults and Children, Part II: Personnel, Technical Specifications, and Clinical Practice. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32(2):96-108.
26. Gaspard N, Manganas L, Rampal N, Petroff OAC, Hirsch LJ. Similarity of lateralized rhythmic delta activity to periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in critically ill patients. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(10):1288-1295. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3475
27. Rodríguez V, Rodden MF, LaRoche SM. Ictal-interictal continuum: A proposed treatment algorithm. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2056-2064. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.02.003
28. Foreman B, Mahulikar A, Tadi P, et al. Generalized periodic discharges and “triphasic waves”: A blinded evaluation of inter-rater agreement and clinical significance. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(2):1073-1080. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.018
29. Claassen J, Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology. 2004;62(10):1743-1748. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000125184.88797.62
30. Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. SPECIAL REPORT A definition and classification of status epilepticus – Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus Comment : Historical. Epilepsia. 2015;56(10):1-9. doi:10.1111/epi.13121
31. Bauerschmidt A, Rubinos C, Claassen J. Approach to Managing Periodic Discharges. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;35(4):309-313. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000464
32. Lewis DW, Johnson EL. Prognosis of Periodic and Rhythmic Patterns in Adult and Pediatric Populations. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;35(4):303-308. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000442
33. Struck AF, Ustun B, Ruiz AR, et al. Association of an electroencephalography-based risk score with seizure probability in hospitalized patients. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(12):1419-1424. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2459
34. Rodriguez Ruiz A, Vlachy J, Lee JW, et al. Association of Periodic and Rhythmic Electroencephalographic Patterns With Seizures in Critically Ill Patients. JAMA Neurol. 2016;74(2):181. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4990
35. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9566):1000-1015. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60460-7
36. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9566):1016-1026. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60461-9
37. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary : E ffi cacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I : Treatment of new-onset epilepsy. Neurology. 2018. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000005755
38. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary : E ffi cacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II : Treatment-resistant epilepsy. Neurology. 2018. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000005756
39. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):1069-1077. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x
40. Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D, Kwan P. Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs a 30-year longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):279-286. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3949
41. Noachtar S, Peters AS. Semiology of epileptic seizures: A critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15(1):2-9. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.029
42. Stoyke C, Bilgin O, Noachtar S. Video atlas of lateralising and localising seizure phenomena. Epileptic Disord. 2011;13(2):113-124. doi:10.1684/epd.2011.0433
43. Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al. Point-of-care application: ‘Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome.’ N Engl J Med. 2017;14:20-21. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2017.08.002
44. Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018;0(0):1-12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30136-3
45. Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM, Comi AM, et al. Long-term safety and treatment effects of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment-resistant epilepsies: Expanded access program results. Epilepsia. 2018;59(8):1540-1548. doi:10.1111/epi.14477
46. Gaston TE, Bebin EM, Cutter GR, Liu Y, Szaflarski JP. Interactions between cannabidiol and commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2017;58(9):1586-1592. doi:10.1111/epi.13852
47. Toledano M, Britton JW, McKeon a, et al. Utility of an immunotherapy trial in evaluating patients with presumed autoimmune epilepsy. Neurology. 2014;82(18):1578-1586. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000383
48. Quek AML, Britton JW, McKeon A, et al. Autoimmune Epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(5):582-593. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.2985
49. Diaz-Arrastia R, Frol AB, Garcia MC, et al. Bilateral memory dysfunction in epilepsy surgery candidates detected by the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (Wada memory test). Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(1):82-91. doi:10.1006/ebeh.2001.0298
50. Sharan A, Ooi YC, Langfitt J, Sperling MR. Intracarotid amobarbital procedure for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20(2):209-213. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.11.013
51. Myers KA, Johnstone DL, Dyment DA. Epilepsy genetics: Current knowledge, applications, and future directions. Clin Genet. 2019;95(1):95-111. doi:10.1111/cge.13414
52. Mullen SA, Berkovic SF, Berkovic SF, et al. Genetic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2018;59(6):1148-1153. doi:10.1111/epi.14042
53. Myers KA, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Genetic literacy series: genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Epileptic Disord. 2018;20(4):232-238. doi:10.1684/epd.2018.0985
54. Helbig I, Heinzen EL, Mefford HC, et al. Primer Part 1 - The building blocks of epilepsy genetics. Epilepsia. 2016;57(6):861-868. doi:10.1111/epi.13381
55. Khan S, Nobili L, Khatami R, et al. Circadian rhythm and epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(12):1098-1108. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30335-1
56. Ng M, Pavlova M. Why Are Seizures Rare in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep? Review of the Frequency of Seizures in Different Sleep Stages. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2013;2013:1-10. doi:10.1155/2013/932790
57. Sutherling WW, Mamelak AN, Thyerlei D, et al. Influence of magnetic source imaging for planning intracranial EEG in epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;71(13):990-996. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000326591.29858.1a
58. Kharkar S, Knowlton R. Magnetoencephalography in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;46:19-26. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.029
59. Perucca P, Dubeau F, Gotman J. Intracranial electroencephalographic seizure-onset patterns: Effect of underlying pathology. Brain. 2014;137(1):183-196. doi:10.1093/brain/awt299
60. Pacia S V., Ebersole JS. Intracranial EEG substrates of scalp ictal patterns from temporal lobe foci. Epilepsia. 1997;38(6):642-654. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01233.x
61. Lhatoo S, Lacuey N, Ryvlin P. Principles of Stereotactic Electroencephalography in Epilepsy Surgery. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33(6). doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000264
62. Kalamangalam GP, Tandon N. Stereo-EEG Implantation Strategy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33(6):483-489. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000254
63. Gonzalez-Martinez J. The Stereo-Electroencephalography: The Epileptogenic Zone. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33:522-529. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2015.08.003
64. Bulacio JC, Chauvel P, McGonigal A. Stereoelectroencephalography: Interpretation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33(6):503-510. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000305
65. Cardinale F, Casaceli G, Raneri F, Miller J, Lo Russo G. Implantation of Stereoelectroencephalography Electrodes. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;33(6):490-502. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000249
66. Britton JW. Electrical Stimulation Mapping With Stereo-EEG Electrodes. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;35(2):110-114. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000443
67. Zangaladze A, Sharan A, Evans J, et al. The effectiveness of low-frequency stimulation for mapping cortical function. Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):481-487. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01307.x
68. Kovac S, Scott C a., Maglajlija V, et al. Comparison of bipolar versus monopolar extraoperative electrical cortical stimulation mapping in patients with focal epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125(4):667-674. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.09.026
69. So EL, Alwaki A. A guide for cortical electrical stimulation mapping. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;35:98-105.
70. Ojemann SG, Berger MS, Lettich E, Ojemann GA. Localization of language function in children: results of electrical stimulation mapping. J Neurosurg. 2009;98(3):465-470. doi:10.3171/jns.2003.98.3.0465
71. Riviello JJ, Kull L, Troup C, Holmes GL. Cortical Stimulation in Children: Techniques and Precautions. Tech Neurosurg. 2003;7(1):12-18. doi:10.1097/00127927-200103000-00004
72. Jacobs J, Wu JY, Perucca P, et al. Removing high-frequency oscillations. Neurology. 2018:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006158. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006158
73. Frauscher B, von Ellenrieder N, Zelmann R, et al. High-frequency oscillations in the normal human brain. Ann Neurol. 2018:1-12. doi:10.1002/ana.25304
74. Jacobs J, Zijlmans M, Zelmann R, et al. High-frequency electroencephalographic oscillations correlate with outcome of epilepsy surgery. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(2):209-220. doi:10.1002/ana.21847
75. Heck C, Helmers SL, DeGiorgio CM. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy, epilepsy and device parameters. Neurology. 2002;59(4):S31-S37. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.6
76. Elliott RE, Morsi A, Kalhorn SP, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in 436 consecutive patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: Long-term outcomes and predictors of response. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20(1):57-63. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.10.017
77. Boon P, Vonck K, van Rijckevorsel K, et al. A prospective, multicenter study of cardiac-based seizure detection to activate vagus nerve stimulation. Seizure. 2015;32:52-61. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2015.08.011
78. Ben-Menachem E, Manon-Espaillat R, Ristanovic R, et al. Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Partial Seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. Epilepsia. 1994;35(3):616-626.
79. Heck CN, King-Stephens D, Massey AD, et al. Two-year seizure reduction in adults with medically intractable partial onset epilepsy treated with responsive neurostimulation: Final results of the RNS System Pivotal trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55(3):432-441. doi:10.1111/epi.12534
80. King-Stephens D, Mirro E, Weber PB, et al. Lateralization of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with chronic ambulatory electrocorticography. Epilepsia. 2015;56(6):959-967. doi:10.1111/epi.13010
81. Bergey GK, Morrell MJ, Mizrahi EM, et al. Long-term treatment with responsive brain stimulation in adults with refractory partial seizures. Neurology. 2015;84(8):810-817. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001280
82. Salanova V, Witt T, Worth R, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2015;84(10):1017-1025. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001334
83. Jobst BC, Cascino GD. Resective epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsy: a review. Jama. 2015;313(3):285-293. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17426
84. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Surgery for Temporal-Lobe Epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(5):311-318.
85. Engel Jr. J, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Jama. 2012;307(9). http://olbh.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/52440387/922.full.pdf.
86. de Tisi J, Bell GS, Peacock JL, et al. The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure remission, and relapse: a cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378(9800):1388-1395. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60890-8
87. Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors. Neurology. 2017;88:1674-1680.
88. Ryvlin P, Nashef L, Lhatoo SD, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): A retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(10):966-977. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70214-X
89. Park KJ, Sharma G, Kennedy JD, Seyal M. Potentially high-risk cardiac arrhythmias with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are associated with the duration of periictal hypoxemia. Epilepsia. 2017:1-8. doi:10.1111/epi.13934
90. Gerard EE, Meador KJ. Managing Epilepsy in Women. Contin (Minneap Minn). 2016;22:204-226. doi:10.1054/cuog.2000.0132
91. Hernandez-Diaz S, Smith CR, Shen A, et al. Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. Neurology. 2012;78(21):1692-1699. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182574f39
92. Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, et al. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(3):244-252. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X
93. Chen DK, LaFrance WCJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonepileptic Seizures. Contin (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(1):116-131. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000282
94. Ney JP, Van Der Goes DN, Nuwer MR. Does intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring matter in noncomplex spine surgeries? Neurology. 2015;85(24):2151-2158. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002076
95. Nuwer M, Emerson R, Galloway G. Evidence-based guideline update: Intraoperative spinal monitoring with somatosensory and transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials Report of the Therapeutics. Neurology. 2012:585-589. http://www.neurology.org/content/78/8/585.short.
96. Daube JR, Rubin DI. Needle electromyography. Muscle and Nerve. 2009;39(2):244-270. doi:10.1002/mus.21180
97. Risinger MW, Engel J, Van Ness PC, Henry TR, Crandall PH. Ictal localization of temporal lobe seizures with scalp/sphenoidal recordings. Neurology. 1989;39(10):1288-1293. doi:10.1212/WNL.39.10.1288
98. Salinsky M, Kanter R, Dasheiff RM. Effectiveness of Multiple EEGs in Supporting the Diagnosis of Epilepsy: An Operational Curve. Epilepsia. 1987;28(4):331-334. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03652.x
